In the present study, we used a slightly different change variables than in previous research (i.e., residuals as opposed to pre-post subtraction), but found similar results, indicating that self-efficacy improvement predicts weight change independently of its baseline scores. We found few studies that have analyzed change in self-efficacy as a predictor, but they have generally confirmed the present findings (i.e., greater improvements leading to greater weight losses). The stronger models, TTM and SCT, were weight management-related and both included self-efficacy. Implications and limitations of the study, as well as directions for future research were discussed by the end of this document. And couched in these broad similarities, there also were some cultural differences with respect to ratings of the TPB components and strengths of associations between the three predictors and intentions between the two cultures. Results indicate that (a) overall the three TPB models fitted almost equally for Americans and Chinese, (b) the TPB demonstrated mixed predictive power for intentions of support provision behaviors, and (c) there were broad similarities regarding ratings of the TPB components and strengths of associations between the three predictors and behavioral intentions between Americans and Chinese. Data analyses were conducted by employing various techniques, such as structural equation modeling, mix-model ANOVAs, and t-tests. Data were collected from self-reported questionnaires. 289 American college students and 227 Chinese college students participated in this research. The study (a) assesses and compares overall fit of the three models for Americans and Chinese, (b) examines how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control together predicted behavioral intentions of the three support provision behaviors for both Americans and Chinese, and (c) compares how Americans and Chinese were similar and different with regard to ratings of the TPB key components (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions) and strengths of associations between the three predictors (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) and intentions. Guided by the TPB, structural models of talking about emotions, giving advice, and distracting attention were built. To understand more about variations in social support across cultures, the current study applies the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to three support provision behaviors of talking about emotions, giving advice, and distracting attention in the U.S.
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